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Worked solution

Find one mode or two exactly tied modes

In a village with a large population, 80% of inhabitants have a particular eye disorder. (i) If 12 people wait to see the nurse, find the most likely number with the disorder. (ii) If 19 people wait, find the most likely number.

CJC · Lecture · Example 10

(i) Search the twelve-person probability table

Let X count affected people among 12. Under the source constant-p independent-person model, X∼B(12,0.8)X\sim B(12,0.8). Enter Y1=binompdf(12,0.8,X), press 2nd, GRAPH, and scan the probabilities over the count support. The source retains these neighboring values, with a Teacher note to present this table:

xP(X=x)P(X=x)
90.23622
100.28347
110.20616

The largest probability is at 10, so 10 people is the most likely count.

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(ii) Retain both nineteen-person maxima

Let Y count affected people among 19, with Y∼B(19,0.8)Y\sim B(19,0.8). Enter Y1=binompdf(19,0.8,X), press 2nd, GRAPH, and scan for the maximum. The Teacher completes the table and both answer blanks:

yP(Y=y)P(Y=y)
140.16365
150.2182
160.2182
170.15402

Both 15 and 16 are most likely.

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Distinguish numerical noise from exact equality

The source self-reading note reports table readings 0.2181994019466 at 15 and 0.2181994019459 at 16, differing in the 12th/13th decimal places. The home screen prints 0.2181994019 for both, agreeing to 10 decimal places. Do not infer exact equality merely from nearly equal rounded output; retain the source formula check: P(Y=15)P(Y=16)=(1915)(0.8)15(0.2)4(1916)(0.8)16(0.2)3=3876(0.2)969(0.8)=1\dfrac{P(Y=15)}{P(Y=16)}=\dfrac{\binom{19}{15}(0.8)^{15}(0.2)^4}{\binom{19}{16}(0.8)^{16}(0.2)^3}=\dfrac{3876(0.2)}{969(0.8)}=1. Thus the masses really are equal. The source’s practical advice to treat tiny table differences as numerical noise is justified here by this exact ratio, rather than as a universal equality test.

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Compare your sketch

Find one mode or two tied modes

  1. 1. Scan the twelve-person model

    Enter Y1=binompdf(12,0.8,X), then press 2nd → GRAPH. X is the outcome count. Compare the largest mass with its neighbours.

    Scan the twelve-person model
    CountDisplayed probability
    90.23622
    100.28347
    110.20616

    Twelve-person model: mode = 10

  2. 2. Repeat for nineteen people

    Change Y1 to binompdf(19,0.8,X) and inspect the table.

    Repeat for nineteen people
    CountDisplayed probability
    140.16365
    150.2182
    160.2182
    170.15402

    Nineteen-person model: modes = 15 and 16

  3. 3. Verify the tie exactly

    The source cursor values end in different tiny digits. Home-screen binompdf(19,0.8,15) and binompdf(19,0.8,16) both display 0.2181994019. The exact probability ratio is 3876(0.2) / [969(0.8)] = 1.

Nearly equal rounded displays alone do not prove an exact tie. Here the ratio establishes equality. Search for the largest probability mass rather than rounding the mean; all original tables and cursor readings remain available below.

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Seven focused screens retain both Y-editor commands, the complete displayed 2–12 and 9–19 tables, two high-precision readings with different final digits, and both home-screen binompdf results. Exact equality of the tied masses is established by the ratio proof in the working.
Seven focused screens retain both Y-editor commands, the complete displayed 2–12 and 9–19 tables, two high-precision readings with different final digits, and both home-screen binompdf results. Exact equality of the tied masses is established by the ratio proof in the working.
Seven focused screens retain both Y-editor commands, the complete displayed 2–12 and 9–19 tables, two high-precision readings with different final digits, and both home-screen binompdf results. Exact equality of the tied masses is established by the ratio proof in the working.
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Common mistakes

A tiny calculator difference is not proof of unequal modes; verify a tie algebraically.

Read the hint