Porisma

Worked solution

Use logarithms for variable powers

Find dy/dxdy/dx when (a) y=xsin⁡xy=x^{\sin x} for x,y>0x,y>0, and (b) xy=yxx^y=y^x for x,y>0x,y>0.

CJC · Lecture · Example 12

(a) Take logarithms and use a product rule

ln⁡y=(sin⁡x)ln⁡x\ln y=(\sin x)\ln x. Thus y′/y=sin⁡x/x+(ln⁡x)cos⁡xy^{\prime}/y=\sin x/x+(\ln x)\cos x. Multiplying by y=xsin⁡xy=x^{\sin x} gives y′=xsin⁡x[sin⁡x/x+(ln⁡x)cos⁡x]y^{\prime}=x^{\sin x}[\sin x/x+(\ln x)\cos x], retaining all printed steps and the positive-domain condition.

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(b) Follow the Teacher logarithmic working

The Student copy leaves the working blank. The Teacher takes logarithms: yln⁡x=xln⁡yy\ln x=x\ln y. Differentiating both products gives y/x+(ln⁡x)y′=(x/y)y′+ln⁡yy/x+(\ln x)y^{\prime}=(x/y)y^{\prime}+\ln y.

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(b) Collect and simplify

(ln⁡x−x/y)y′=ln⁡y−y/x(\ln x-x/y)y^{\prime}=\ln y-y/x. Equivalently, [(yln⁡x−x)/y]y′=(xln⁡y−y)/x[(y\ln x-x)/y]y^{\prime}=(x\ln y-y)/x. Hence the printed result is y′=y(xln⁡y−y)/[x(yln⁡x−x)]y^{\prime}=y(x\ln y-y)/[x(y\ln x-x)], on a differentiable local branch where yln⁡x−x≠0y\ln x-x\ne0.

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(b) Keep the limitation of division explicit

The displayed quotient does not determine a slope when yln⁡x−x=0y\ln x-x=0. For example, at (e,e)(e,e) both its numerator and denominator vanish. The diagonal branch y=xy=x satisfies the relation and has slope 1 there; the quotient alone cannot resolve the singular point. This qualification is independently authored; the original Teacher formula remains preserved.

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Common mistakes

Neither an ordinary constant-power rule nor a constant-base exponential rule handles two variable quantities without extra work.

Solution notes

Printed asks and complete working compared with both source copies. No printed marks or past-paper attribution. Domain explanations independently authored where the source leaves them implicit.

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