Porisma

Worked solution

Sketch rational curves from division and domain

Sketch the graph of the following curves, indicating clearly the coordinates of any intersections with the axes, turning points and the equations of any asymptotes:

(a) y=2x−3x−4y=\dfrac{2x-3}{x-4}.

(b) y=x2−2x2−1y=\dfrac{x^2-2}{x^2-1}.

(c) y=2x2−x+1x−2y=\dfrac{2x^2-x+1}{x-2}.

(d) y=x2−x−12x−2y=\dfrac{x^2-x-12}{x-2}.

(e) y=(x+5)2x2−5xy=\dfrac{(x+5)^2}{x^2-5x}.

CJC · Lecture · Example 9

Answer

(a) Asymptotes x=4,y=2x=4,y=2; intercepts (0,3/4),(3/2,0)(0,3/4),(3/2,0); no turns.

(b) Asymptotes x=±1,y=1x=\pm1,y=1; intercepts (0,2),(±2,0)(0,2),(\pm\sqrt2,0); local minimum (0,2)(0,2).

(c) Asymptotes x=2,y=2x+3x=2,y=2x+3; sole intercept (0,−1/2)(0,-1/2); local maximum (2−7/2,7−214)(2-\sqrt{7/2},7-2\sqrt{14}), local minimum (2+7/2,7+214)(2+\sqrt{7/2},7+2\sqrt{14}).

(d) Asymptotes x=2,y=x+1x=2,y=x+1; intercepts (0,6),(−3,0),(4,0)(0,6),(-3,0),(4,0); no turns.

(e) Asymptotes x=0,x=5,y=1x=0,x=5,y=1; sole intercept and local minimum (−5,0)(-5,0); local maximum (5/3,−8)(5/3,-8).

(a) Translate the reciprocal graph

Answer

Asymptotes x=4,y=2x=4,y=2; intercepts (0,3/4),(3/2,0)(0,3/4),(3/2,0); no turns.

Both sources give

y=2x−3x−4=2+5x−4.y=\frac{2x-3}{x-4}=2+\frac5{x-4}.

The asymptotes are y=2y=2 and x=4x=4; intercepts follow from x=0⇒y=3/4x=0\Rightarrow y=3/4 and y=0⇒x=3/2y=0\Rightarrow x=3/2. The Teacher adds labels to the existing Student curve. The source says there are no stationary points; independently y′=−5/(x−4)2<0y'=-5/(x-4)^2<0 on each domain branch. The numerator at x=4x=4 is nonzero, so this is a pole, not a hole.

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Two decreasing branches of 2+5/(x−4); asymptotes x4,y2; intercepts (0,3/4),(3/2,0).
Two decreasing branches of 2+5/(x−4); asymptotes x4,y2; intercepts (0,3/4),(3/2,0).
Two decreasing branches of 2+5/(x−4); asymptotes x4,y2; intercepts (0,3/4),(3/2,0).
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(b) Separate three continuous branches

Answer

Asymptotes x=±1,y=1x=\pm1,y=1; intercepts (0,2),(±2,0)(0,2),(\pm\sqrt2,0); local minimum (0,2)(0,2).

The printed division chain is

y=x2−2x2−1=1−1x2−1=1−1(x−1)(x+1).\begin{aligned}&y\\ & =\frac{x^2-2}{x^2-1}\\ & =1-\frac1{x^2-1}\\ & =1-\frac1{(x-1)(x+1)}.\end{aligned}

Asymptotes are y=1y=1 and x=±1x=\pm1. Substituting x=0x=0 gives (0,2)(0,2); solving x2−2=0x^2-2=0 gives (±2,0)(\pm\sqrt2,0). The Teacher completes the graph labels and the missing left vertical asymptote in the visible Student sketch. “Use G.C.” is the printed stationary-point instruction. Independently

y′=2x(x2−1)2.y'=\frac{2x}{(x^2-1)^2}.

On the central branch the derivative changes −→+-\to+ at 0, so (0,2)(0,2) is a local minimum; neither exterior branch has a stationary point. It is not a global minimum over the disconnected domain. Both denominator zeros are genuine poles.

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Even rational graph with poles x±1, asymptote y1, zeros±sqrt2 and central local minimum (0,2); exterior branches lie below 1.
Even rational graph with poles x±1, asymptote y1, zeros±sqrt2 and central local minimum (0,2); exterior branches lie below 1.
Even rational graph with poles x±1, asymptote y1, zeros±sqrt2 and central local minimum (0,2); exterior branches lie below 1.
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(c) Divide before finding the two turns

Answer

Asymptotes x=2,y=2x+3x=2,y=2x+3; sole intercept (0,−1/2)(0,-1/2); local maximum (2−7/2,7−214)(2-\sqrt{7/2},7-2\sqrt{14}), local minimum (2+7/2,7+214)(2+\sqrt{7/2},7+2\sqrt{14}).

The Teacher completes the Student blanks with

y=2x2−x+1x−2=2x+3+7x−2.\begin{aligned}&y\\ & =\frac{2x^2-x+1}{x-2}\\ & =2x+3+\frac7{x-2}.\end{aligned}

Its asymptotes are y=2x+3y=2x+3 and x=2x=2. At x=0x=0, y=−1/2y=-1/2. The equation 2x2−x+1=02x^2-x+1=0 has no real solutions (independently its discriminant is 1−8=−71-8=-7), so there are no xx-intercepts. The source asks for G.C. stationary points and labels a maximum (0.129,−0.483)(0.129,-0.483) and minimum (3.87,14.5)(3.87,14.5) in the Teacher graph. Independent calculus gives

y′=2−7(x−2)2,x=2±7/2,y=7±214.y'=2-\frac7{(x-2)^2},\qquad x=2\pm\sqrt{7/2},\qquad y=7\pm2\sqrt{14}.

The minus signs give the left local maximum; the plus signs give the right local minimum. The original pole at 2 separates them. Keep the exact expressions for calculation and treat the printed decimals as rounded.

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Rational curve with pole x2, slant asymptote y2x+3, y-intercept −1/2, no x-intercept, and Teacher-rounded turns (0.129,−0.483),(3.87,14.5).
Rational curve with pole x2, slant asymptote y2x+3, y-intercept −1/2, no x-intercept, and Teacher-rounded turns (0.129,−0.483),(3.87,14.5).
Rational curve with pole x2, slant asymptote y2x+3, y-intercept −1/2, no x-intercept, and Teacher-rounded turns (0.129,−0.483),(3.87,14.5).
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(c) Inspect the window and a zoomed maximum

The source compares ZOOM 6: ZStandard with adjusted window settings: the standard view misses the right-hand branch, while the adjusted view shows both sides of x=2x=2. A finite view can show relevant features, never literally all of an unbounded graph. It also warns that the left maximum may seem to lie on the yy-axis. Use ZOOM 1: ZBox to enlarge that region. The source maximum screen reports approximately X=0.12917X=0.12917 and Y=−0.483315Y=-0.483315, not x=0x=0. Independently the exact left-turn input is 2−7/2≈0.1291713>02-\sqrt{7/2}\approx0.1291713>0; at x=0x=0 the curve is still increasing, with derivative 1/41/4.

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Reconstructed CJC PDF 21 window illustrations: standard view hides the upper right branch; changed settings show it; ZBox shows the left maximum slightly right of the y-axis, X about 0.12917 and Y−0.483315. All instructions and conclusions are transcribed in the adjacent working.
Reconstructed CJC PDF 21 window illustrations: standard view hides the upper right branch; changed settings show it; ZBox shows the left maximum slightly right of the y-axis, X about 0.12917 and Y−0.483315. All instructions and conclusions are transcribed in the adjacent working.
Reconstructed CJC PDF 21 window illustrations: standard view hides the upper right branch; changed settings show it; ZBox shows the left maximum slightly right of the y-axis, X about 0.12917 and Y−0.483315. All instructions and conclusions are transcribed in the adjacent working.
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(d) A slant asymptote without turning points

Answer

Asymptotes x=2,y=x+1x=2,y=x+1; intercepts (0,6),(−3,0),(4,0)(0,6),(-3,0),(4,0); no turns.

The Teacher fills the visible Student blanks:

y=x2−x−12x−2=x+1−10x−2.\begin{aligned}&y\\ & =\frac{x^2-x-12}{x-2}\\ & =x+1-\frac{10}{x-2}.\end{aligned}

The asymptotes are y=x+1y=x+1 and x=2x=2. At x=0x=0, y=6y=6; setting x2−x−12=(x+3)(x−4)=0x^2-x-12=(x+3)(x-4)=0 gives (−3,0)(-3,0) and (4,0)(4,0). The source says no stationary points. Independently y′=1+10/(x−2)2>0y'=1+10/(x-2)^2>0 on each branch, so the curve is increasing on each side of the pole, with no turns.

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Two increasing branches of x+1−10/(x−2); asymptotes x=2 and y=x+1, intercepts (−3,0),(4,0),(0,6).
Two increasing branches of x+1−10/(x−2); asymptotes x=2 and y=x+1, intercepts (−3,0),(4,0),(0,6).
Two increasing branches of x+1−10/(x−2); asymptotes x=2 and y=x+1, intercepts (−3,0),(4,0),(0,6).
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(e) Keep both poles and the double zero

Answer

Asymptotes x=0,x=5,y=1x=0,x=5,y=1; sole intercept and local minimum (−5,0)(-5,0); local maximum (5/3,−8)(5/3,-8).

Both sources give

y=(x+5)2x2−5x=1+15x+25x(x−5).\begin{aligned}&y\\ & =\frac{(x+5)^2}{x^2-5x}\\ & =1+\frac{15x+25}{x(x-5)}.\end{aligned}

Thus y=1y=1 is the horizontal asymptote and x=0,5x=0,5 are vertical asymptotes. At x=0x=0 the function is undefined, so there is no yy-intercept. The only xx-intercept is (−5,0)(-5,0), where the squared numerator gives contact. The printed instruction is “Use G.C.”; the Teacher graph also labels (5/3,−8)(5/3,-8). Independently

y′=−5(x+5)(3x−5)x2(x−5)2.\begin{aligned}&y'\\ & =-\frac{5(x+5)(3x-5)}{x^2(x-5)^2}.\end{aligned}

Its sign gives a local minimum (−5,0)(-5,0) on the left branch and a local maximum (5/3,−8)(5/3,-8) on the central branch. On the far-right branch the derivative is negative, with no turn. Neither turn is a global extremum over all three branches.

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Three branches with poles x0,x5 and horizontal asymptote y1. Left branch touches x-axis at local minimum (−5,0); central branch has maximum (5/3,−8); no y-intercept.
Three branches with poles x0,x5 and horizontal asymptote y1. Left branch touches x-axis at local minimum (−5,0); central branch has maximum (5/3,−8); no y-intercept.
Three branches with poles x0,x5 and horizontal asymptote y1. Left branch touches x-axis at local minimum (−5,0); central branch has maximum (5/3,−8); no y-intercept.
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(e) Reject the false limit suggested by a standard screen

The shared source warning says ZOOM 6: ZStandard does not clearly show the curve, and the left tail may appear to approach 0. This is false: the division form shows y→1y\to1 as x→−∞x\to-\infty, since (15x+25)/(x(x−5))→0(15x+25)/(x(x-5))\to0. Determine asymptotes and intercepts analytically before using a calculator for shape. The Teacher also recommends showing long division if needed; compare each numerator with denominator × quotient + remainder before plotting.

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Reconstructed CJC PDF 22 ZStandard display and warning: left tail can appear to approach 0, but the algebra gives horizontal asymptote y1. Adjacent working transcribes the warning.
Reconstructed CJC PDF 22 ZStandard display and warning: left tail can appear to approach 0, but the algebra gives horizontal asymptote y1. Adjacent working transcribes the warning.
Reconstructed CJC PDF 22 ZStandard display and warning: left tail can appear to approach 0, but the algebra gives horizontal asymptote y1. Adjacent working transcribes the warning.
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Common mistakes

A standard window can hide a branch, disguise a turning input, or suggest a false asymptote. A denominator zero must be checked against cancellation before calling it a vertical asymptote.

Solution notes

Both originals visually compared on 20–22. Teacher completes(c)/(d), labels (a)/(b), adds(e) sketch and long-division guidance. “Use G.C.” is preserved; exact derivative classifications are independent supplements. No printed marks or external attribution.

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