Worked solution
Integrate the semicircle radical in two ways
Using , find . Compare the source extension using .
CJC · Lecture · Self-Practice 9
Use the sine substitution
Take , so and . Then the integral is . Thus on .
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Compare the cosine substitution
The source also gives . Take , , so and the integral becomes . Using , the displayed nonconstant forms differ by . This is absorbed by the arbitrary constant.
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Common mistakes
Choose an angle interval that fixes the square-root sign. The sine and cosine results differ by a constant, so they need not look identical.