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Worked solution

Verify an exponential–sine series by two methods

For y=exsin⁡xy=e^x\sin x, show y′′=2(y′−y)y^{\prime\prime}=2(y^{\prime}-y). Differentiate this further to find the Maclaurin series through x3x^3, then verify it using the standard series for exe^x and sin⁡x\sin x. marks

[2008/CJC/Promo/11]

CJC · Review problems · Question 5

Answer

y′′=2(y′−y)y^{\prime\prime}=2(y^{\prime}-y); exsin⁡x=x+x2+x3/3+O(x5)e^x\sin x=x+x^2+x^3/3+O(x^5).

Obtain the derivative recurrence

y′=exsin⁡x+excos⁡x=y+excos⁡xy^{\prime}=e^x\sin x+e^x\cos x=y+e^x\cos x. Hence y′′=y′+excos⁡x−exsin⁡x=2(y′−y)y^{\prime\prime}=y^{\prime}+e^x\cos x-e^x\sin x=2(y^{\prime}-y). Differentiating gives y′′′=2(y′′−y′)y^{\prime\prime\prime}=2(y^{\prime\prime}-y^{\prime}).

How did this part go?

Evaluate the derivatives and write the series

At zero, y=0y=0, y′=1y^{\prime}=1, y′′=2y^{\prime\prime}=2, y′′′=2y^{\prime\prime\prime}=2. Thus exsin⁡x=x+x2+x3/3+O(x5)e^x\sin x=x+x^2+x^3/3+O(x^5). The source derivative list labels the last two entries both as third derivatives; the first of those entries is the second derivative. The values and final coefficients are unchanged.

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Verify with the standard product expansions

Use ex=1+x+x2/2+⋯e^x=1+x+x^2/2+\cdots and sin⁡x=x−x3/6+⋯\sin x=x-x^3/6+\cdots. Through degree three,

exsin⁡x=x+x2+(12−16)x3+⋯=x+x2+x33+⋯ .\begin{aligned}&e^x\sin x\\ & =x+x^2+\left(\frac12-\frac16\right)x^3+\cdots\\ & =x+x^2+\frac{x^3}{3}+\cdots.\end{aligned}

The omitted fourth-degree coefficient cancels in the complete product; the displayed series is required only through the cubic term.

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Common mistakes

Do not copy the duplicated derivative-order label in the source list.

Read the hint