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Worked solution

Differentiate the logarithmic series to obtain a logistic expansion

Given y=ln⁡(1+ex)y=\ln(1+e^x), show y′′=y′−(y′)2y^{\prime\prime}=y^{\prime}-(y^{\prime})^2. marks

Hence find its Maclaurin series through x2x^2. marks

Deduce the first two nonzero terms in the expansion of ex/(1+ex)e^x/(1+e^x). marks

[2011/DHS/Promo/8(b)(modified)]

CJC · Review problems · Question 6

Answer

ln⁡(1+ex)=ln⁡2+x/2+x2/8+O(x4)\ln(1+e^x)=\ln2+x/2+x^2/8+O(x^4); ex/(1+ex)=1/2+x/4+O(x3)e^x/(1+e^x)=1/2+x/4+O(x^3).

Express the quotient-rule result in terms of y′

y′=ex/(1+ex)y^{\prime}=e^x/(1+e^x). Differentiation gives y′′=ex/(1+ex)2=ex/(1+ex)−[ex/(1+ex)]2=y′−(y′)2y^{\prime\prime}=e^x/(1+e^x)^2=e^x/(1+e^x)-[e^x/(1+e^x)]^2=y^{\prime}-(y^{\prime})^2.

How did this part go?

Find the quadratic logarithmic series

y(0)=ln⁡2y(0)=\ln2, y′(0)=1/2y^{\prime}(0)=1/2 and y′′(0)=1/4y^{\prime\prime}(0)=1/4. Thus y=ln⁡2+x/2+x2/8+O(x4)y=\ln2+x/2+x^2/8+O(x^4) locally. Its cubic coefficient is zero: differentiating the identity gives y′′′=y′′(1−2y′)y^{\prime\prime\prime}=y^{\prime\prime}(1-2y^{\prime}), which vanishes at zero.

How did this part go?

Differentiate the correct logarithm

Termwise differentiation yields ex/(1+ex)=1/2+x/4+O(x3)e^x/(1+e^x)=1/2+x/4+O(x^3). The source’s final line prints the derivative of ln⁡(1+e2x)\ln(1+e^{2x}); that exponent is a typo. Its intended derivative is d[ln⁡(1+ex)]/dxd[\ln(1+e^x)]/dx, consistent with its earlier identity and final coefficients.

How did this part go?

Common mistakes

Replacing e^x by e^(2x) changes both the chain-rule factor and the function.

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