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Worked solution

Distinguish a geometric flight path from motion in time

Distances are in metres and time in seconds. A radio-controlled airplane takes off from ground level and travels at a steady speed in a straight line. Its position t seconds after takeoff is r=a+tb\mathbf r=\mathbf a+t\mathbf b, where a is its departure position and b its velocity vector.

(i) After 6 seconds it reaches P=(−9,4,6) and its velocity is −2i+j+k-2\mathbf i+\mathbf j+\mathbf k. Find its departure coordinates. mark

Paul stands at C=(−7,5,2).

(ii) Find the shortest distance from Paul to the airplane’s flight path. marks

A drone takes off at the same time and flies at steady speed on the straight line (2x−1)/(−6)=(y+7)/4=(z−10)/k(2x-1)/(-6)=(y+7)/4=(z-10)/k.

(iii) Show its flight path can be written r=p+λq\mathbf r=\mathbf p+\lambda\mathbf q, λ≥0, determining p,q. mark

(iv) Given the flight paths intersect, find k. marks

(v) Do the airplane and drone collide? Justify your answer. mark

[2019/MI/I/11]

CJC · Review problems · Question 11

Answer

A=(3,−2,0); distance 77/6\sqrt{77/6}≈3.58m; p=(1/2,−7,10),q=(−3,4,k); k=−2. Printed (v): no collision under λ=time. As written, drone speed/time data are insufficient to decide collision.

(i) Recover the departure point

Write r=OA+t(−2,1,1)\mathbf r=OA+t(-2,1,1). At t=6, (−9,4,6)=OA+6(−2,1,1)(-9,4,6)=OA+6(-2,1,1), so OA=(3,−2,0)OA=(3,-2,0). Departure is A=(3,−2,0), consistent with ground level.

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(ii) Method 1: solve for the perpendicular foot

OF=(3,−2,0)+t(−2,1,1)OF=(3,-2,0)+t(-2,1,1) and CF=(10−2t,−7+t,t−2)CF=(10-2t,-7+t,t-2). A perpendicular foot satisfies CF⋅(−2,1,1)=−20+4t−7+t+t−2=0CF\cdot(-2,1,1)=-20+4t-7+t+t-2=0. Thus t=29/6t=29/6≈4.83333≥0, so the foot is on the flown ray. Then CF=(1/3,−13/6,17/6)CF=(1/3,-13/6,17/6) and ∣CF∣=(1/3)2+(−13/6)2+(17/6)2=77/6=3.58|CF|=\sqrt{(1/3)^2+(-13/6)^2+(17/6)^2}=\sqrt{77/6}=3.58m(3s.f.).

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(ii) Method 2: use a vector product

AC=OC−OA=(−10,7,2)AC=OC-OA=(-10,7,2). The distance is ∣AC×(−2,1,1)∣/∣(−2,1,1)∣=∣(5,6,4)∣/6=77/6=3.58|AC\times(-2,1,1)|/|(-2,1,1)|=|(5,6,4)|/\sqrt6=\sqrt{77}/\sqrt6=3.58m(3s.f.). The valid positive foot parameter from method 1 ensures this line distance is also the ray distance.

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(ii) Method 3: use projection and Pythagoras

∣AF∣=∣AC⋅(−2,1,1)∣/6=29/6|AF|=|AC\cdot(-2,1,1)|/\sqrt6=29/\sqrt6. Thus distance=∣AC∣2−∣AF∣2=(−10)2+72+22−(29/6)2=77/6=3.58\sqrt{|AC|^2-|AF|^2}=\sqrt{(-10)^2+7^2+2^2-(29/\sqrt6)^2}=\sqrt{77/6}=3.58m(3s.f.).

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(iii) Convert the Cartesian equation

Set the common ratio to λ: x=1/2−3λx=1/2-3\lambda, y=−7+4λy=-7+4\lambda, z=10+kλz=10+k\lambda. Hence the requested path representation is r=(1/2,−7,10)+λ(−3,4,k)\mathbf r=(1/2,-7,10)+\lambda(-3,4,k), λ≥0. Thus p=(1/2,−7,10)\mathbf p=(1/2,-7,10) and q=(−3,4,k)\mathbf q=(-3,4,k).

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(iv) Match positions using independent parameters

At an intersection, (1/2,−7,10)+λ(−3,4,k)=(3,−2,0)+t(−2,1,1)(1/2,-7,10)+\lambda(-3,4,k)=(3,-2,0)+t(-2,1,1). Coordinates give −3λ+2t=5/2-3\lambda+2t=5/2, 4λ−t=54\lambda-t=5, 10+kλ=t10+k\lambda=t. The first two yield λ=2.5 and t=5; the third gives 10+2.5k=510+2.5k=5, so k=−2. Both parameters are nonnegative and the intersection is (−7,3,5).

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(v) Printed answer and the missing motion assumption

The printed solution says “No collision” because λ=2.5 and t=5 are different arrival times. That conclusion requires the extra assumption that λ is elapsed time in seconds from a drone starting at p at takeoff, with velocity q. The prompt specifies only a steady-speed path for the drone, not that time parameterisation. Geometric parameters need not equal time. If λ(t)=t, it does not collide; if λ(t)=t/2 from the same starting point, it reaches the intersection at t=5 and does collide. Both motions have steady speed. Therefore the collision cannot be determined from the stated path and simultaneous takeoff alone; drone velocity or an explicit λ=time condition is needed.

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Compare your sketch

Expand diagram

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Two reconstructed source diagrams. Upper: A and F lie on the flight-path ray, C lies off it and CF is perpendicular at F. Lower: the same right triangle includes the segment AC used by the Pythagoras method. These are planar schematics, not coordinate projections. The foot occurs at airplane time 29/6 seconds, after takeoff.
Two reconstructed source diagrams. Upper: A and F lie on the flight-path ray, C lies off it and CF is perpendicular at F. Lower: the same right triangle includes the segment AC used by the Pythagoras method. These are planar schematics, not coordinate projections. The foot occurs at airplane time 29/6 seconds, after takeoff.
Two reconstructed source diagrams. Upper: A and F lie on the flight-path ray, C lies off it and CF is perpendicular at F. Lower: the same right triangle includes the segment AC used by the Pythagoras method. These are planar schematics, not coordinate projections. The foot occurs at airplane time 29/6 seconds, after takeoff.

Common mistakes

The drone’s geometric parameter λ is not identified with seconds by its Cartesian line equation.

Solution notes

All 5 asks, all 3 distance methods, both source right-triangle diagrams, path conversion and intersection working retained. The final printed no-collision conclusion is preserved and explicitly qualified: unequal geometric parameter values are not proof of unequal times without a specified drone velocity/time model. The requested λ≥0 path is retained; the distance foot is after takeoff.

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