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Worked solution

Factor out a negative power before expanding

Expand (2+1/x)−2(2+1/x)^{-2} in ascending powers of xx, up to and including x5x^5. State the range of xx for which the expansion is valid.

[2009/YJC/I/2]

CJC · Discussion · Question 4

Answer

x2−4x3+12x4−32x5+O(x6)x^2-4x^3+12x^4-32x^5+O(x^6), for ∣x∣<1/2|x|<1/2, x≠0x\ne0.

Extract the reciprocal factor

For x≠0x\ne0, (2+1/x)−2=x2(1+2x)−2(2+1/x)^{-2}=x^2(1+2x)^{-2}.

How did this part go?

Expand far enough inside the bracket

(1+2x)−2=1+(−2)(2x)+(−2)(−3)2!(2x)2+(−2)(−3)(−4)3!(2x)3+O(x4)=1−4x+12x2−32x3+O(x4)(1+2x)^{-2}=1+(-2)(2x)+\dfrac{(-2)(-3)}{2!}(2x)^2+\dfrac{(-2)(-3)(-4)}{3!}(2x)^3+O(x^4)=1-4x+12x^2-32x^3+O(x^4). Thus (2+1/x)−2=x2−4x3+12x4−32x5+O(x6)(2+1/x)^{-2}=x^2-4x^3+12x^4-32x^5+O(x^6).

How did this part go?

Retain the original excluded value

Require ∣2x∣<1|2x|<1 and x≠0x\ne0, so −1/2<x<1/2-1/2<x<1/2 with x≠0x\ne0. The rewritten function has a removable extension at zero, but the original expression is undefined there.

How did this part go?

Common mistakes

The outside x² means only terms through x³ are needed inside the bracket.

Read the hint