Porisma

Worked solution

Use the product rule in a homogeneous-looking substitution

Using y=vxy=vx, solve x dy/dx=y+x2x\,dy/dx=y+x^2, where y=0y=0 at x=−1x=-1, expressing y in terms of x.

CJC · Lecture · Example 6

Differentiate the product and cancel matching terms

dy/dx=v+x dv/dxdy/dx=v+x\,dv/dx. Substitution gives x(v+xv′)=vx+x2x(v+xv\prime)=vx+x^2, so x2v′=x2x^2v\prime=x^2. On an interval not containing zero, dv/dx=1dv/dx=1 and v=x+Cv=x+C. This transformed equation is solved by direct integration, as highlighted by the teacher.

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Restore y and use the initial point

y=xv=x2+Cxy=xv=x^2+Cx. At x=−1x=-1, 0=1−C0=1-C, hence C=1C=1 and y=x2+xy=x^2+x. The substitution is valid on the interval x<0x<0 containing the initial point. The resulting polynomial also directly satisfies the original equation at x=0 and extends to all real x; this extension is checked rather than inferred by dividing by zero.

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Common mistakes

Dividing by x² excludes zero during the derivation; check any extension in the original equation.

Read the hint