Porisma

Worked solution

Find tangent and normal equations with a scale parameter

For x=a(1+1/t)x=a(1+1/t), y=a(t−1/t2)y=a(t-1/t^2), where a is constant and t≠0t\ne0, (i) find the normal at t=2t=2; (ii) find the tangent at (0,−2a)(0,-2a).

CJC · Lecture · Example 9

Differentiate before cancelling the scale

dx/dt=−a/t2dx/dt=-a/t^2, dy/dt=a(1+2/t3)dy/dt=a(1+2/t^3). For a≠0a\ne0, dy/dx=−t2−2/tdy/dx=-t^2-2/t. The printed question does not explicitly exclude a=0a=0; then the curve collapses to the origin and has no uniquely defined tangent or normal. The following requested lines use the intended nondegenerate case a≠0a\ne0.

How did this part go?

(i) Use the negative reciprocal at t=2

The point is (3a/2,7a/4)(3a/2,7a/4) and tangent gradient is −5-5, so the normal gradient is 1/51/5. Thus y−7a/4=(x−3a/2)/5y-7a/4=(x-3a/2)/5, simplifying to y=x/5+29a/20y=x/5+29a/20.

How did this part go?

(ii) Identify the parameter from both coordinates

For x=0x=0 and a≠0a\ne0, 1+1/t=01+1/t=0, hence t=−1t=-1, which gives y=−2ay=-2a. The gradient is −(−1)2−2/(−1)=1-(-1)^2-2/(-1)=1. Thus y+2a=xy+2a=x, or y=x−2ay=x-2a.

How did this part go?

Common mistakes

Cancelling a assumes it is nonzero; the a=0 case is a degenerate point, not a regular curve.

Read the hint