Porisma

Worked solution

Use inverse symmetry to integrate only half the lens

Define f(x)=4/[(2x−5)2+1]f(x)=4/[(2x-5)^2+1] for real x≤5/2x\le5/2.

(i) Sketch y=f(x)y=f(x) and show f−1f^{-1} exists.

(ii) Find f−1(x)f^{-1}(x) and its domain.

The intersections of ff and f−1f^{-1} have x-coordinates aa and 22, where a<2a<2. Find the enclosed area in terms of aa.

[2013/AJC/II/1]

CJC · Review problems · Question 15

Answer

f−1(x)=52−124/x−1f^{-1}(x)=\tfrac52-\tfrac12\sqrt{4/x-1}, 0<x≤40<x\le4; area 4+π−a2+4tan⁡−1(2a−5)4+\pi-a^2+4\tan^{-1}(2a-5).

(i) Use the restricted increasing branch

The curve increases from the horizontal asymptote y=0y=0 as x→−∞x\to-\infty to the included endpoint (5/2,4)(5/2,4), and passes through (0,2/13)(0,2/13) and (2,2)(2,2). It is one-to-one by the horizontal-line test. For example f′(x)=−16(2x−5)/[(2x−5)2+1]2>0f^{\prime}(x)=-16(2x-5)/[(2x-5)^2+1]^2>0 for x<5/2x<5/2.

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(ii) Choose the root compatible with the original domain

From (2x−5)2=4/y−1(2x-5)^2=4/y-1 and x≤5/2x\le5/2, choose 2x−5=−4/y−12x-5=-\sqrt{4/y-1}. Swapping variables gives f−1(x)=5/2−124/x−1f^{-1}(x)=5/2-\tfrac12\sqrt{4/x-1} with domain (0,4](0,4]. The plus branch would invert a different restriction of the original rational curve.

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Use reflection in y=x for the enclosed area

The two curves reflect in y=xy=x; between the intersections, f(x)f(x) lies below the diagonal. Their enclosed area is 2∫a2[x−f(x)]dx=2[x2/2−2tan⁡−1(2x−5)]a2=4+π−a2+4tan⁡−1(2a−5)2\int_a^2[x-f(x)]dx=2[x^2/2-2\tan^{-1}(2x-5)]_a^2=4+\pi-a^2+4\tan^{-1}(2a-5) square units. The required result remains in terms of aa.

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Increasing rational branch ends at (5/2,4), has horizontal asymptote y=0 and y-intercept 2/13. Its inverse is reflected across y=x; the lens between their intersections (a,a) and (2,2) is shaded.
Increasing rational branch ends at (5/2,4), has horizontal asymptote y=0 and y-intercept 2/13. Its inverse is reflected across y=x; the lens between their intersections (a,a) and (2,2) is shaded.
Increasing rational branch ends at (5/2,4), has horizontal asymptote y=0 and y-intercept 2/13. Its inverse is reflected across y=x; the lens between their intersections (a,a) and (2,2) is shaded.

Common mistakes

The inverse square-root sign is fixed by the original restriction x≤5/2.

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