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Worked solution

Recast a quartic as a rational-curve intersection

C:y=(x2+3x+1)/(2x−1)C:y=(x^2+3x+1)/(2x-1).

(i) Sketch C with axial intercepts, asymptotes and stationary points. marks

(ii) Add a suitable curve to deduce how many real roots 2x4+6x3+2x2+2x−1=02x^4+6x^3+2x^2+2x-1=0 has. marks

[2013/CJC/CA1/2]

CJC · Review problems · Question 2

Answer

Asymptotes x=1/2,y=x/2+7/4; all intercepts/turns shown; quartic has 2 distinct real roots.

(i) Divide and identify the graph features

y=x/2+7/4+11/[4(2x−1)]y=x/2+7/4+11/[4(2x-1)]. Therefore asymptotes are x=1/2 and y=x/2+7/4. Intercepts are ((−3±5)/2,0)((-3\pm\sqrt5)/2,0), approximately (−2.62,0),(−0.382,0), and (0,−1). Stationary points are ((1−11)/2,2−11/2)((1-\sqrt{11})/2,2-\sqrt{11}/2), maximum≈(−1.16,0.342), and ((1+11)/2,2+11/2)((1+\sqrt{11})/2,2+\sqrt{11}/2), minimum≈(2.16,3.66). All source rounded labels are retained.

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(ii) Rearrange without losing admissible roots

2x4+6x3+2x2+2x−1=02x^4+6x^3+2x^2+2x-1=0 gives 2x2(x2+3x+1)=−(2x−1)2x^2(x^2+3x+1)=-(2x-1), hence (x2+3x+1)/(2x−1)=−1/(2x2)(x^2+3x+1)/(2x-1)=-1/(2x^2). Neither excluded input 0 nor 1/2 is a root of the original polynomial.

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(ii) Use the comparison sketch

Add y=−1/(2x2)y=-1/(2x^2) to the source rational graph. It has a vertical asymptote x=0, horizontal asymptote y=0 and both branches below the x-axis. It meets C at two points, so the quartic has exactly two distinct real roots, as the source concludes.

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Compare your sketch

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The rational curve has all source intercepts, stationary points and two asymptotes labelled in its key. The negative reciprocal-square curve has two branches below the axis and intersects the rational curve twice.
The rational curve has all source intercepts, stationary points and two asymptotes labelled in its key. The negative reciprocal-square curve has two branches below the axis and intersects the rational curve twice.
The rational curve has all source intercepts, stationary points and two asymptotes labelled in its key. The negative reciprocal-square curve has two branches below the axis and intersects the rational curve twice.

Common mistakes

The comparison introduces exclusions at 0 and 1/2; check these inputs in the original polynomial.

Solution notes

The division remainder is 11/[4(2 x−1)], as printed; exact stationary coordinates supplement the rounded labels.

The two original polynomial roots correspond to the two graph intersections.

Read the hint