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Worked solution

Find absent output levels from a quadratic discriminant

C:y=(−9x2+6x−1)/(x−1)C:y=(-9x^2+6x-1)/(x-1).

(i) Without a calculator, find the range of y for which no points lie on C. marks

(ii) Sketch C with turning points, axial intercepts and asymptotes. marks

[2013/SRJC/MidYear/9(a)(modified)]

CJC · Review problems · Question 3

Answer

Missing outputs −24<y<0; asymptotes x=1,y=−9 x−3; turns (1/3,0),(5/3,−24); y-intercept (0,1).

(i) Intersect with a horizontal line

Write y=k. No intersection means k=(−9x2+6x−1)/(x−1)k=(-9x^2+6x-1)/(x-1) has no real root. Thus −9x2+6x−1=kx−k-9x^2+6x-1=kx-k, or 9x2+(k−6)x+1−k=09x^2+(k-6)x+1-k=0. The discriminant condition is (k−6)2−4(9)(1−k)<0(k-6)^2-4(9)(1-k)<0, giving k2+24k<0k^2+24k<0, hence k(k+24)<0 and −24<k<0. Therefore the missing output interval is −24<y<0.

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(ii) Divide completely

Subtract −9x(x−1)=−9x2+9x-9x(x-1)=-9x^2+9x from the numerator to leave −3 x−1. Subtract −3(x−1)=−3x+3-3(x-1)=-3x+3 to leave −4. Thus y=−9x−3−4/(x−1)y=-9x-3-4/(x-1), with asymptotes x=1 and y=−9 x−3.

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(ii) Label intercepts and boundary turns

The y-intercept is (0,1). The numerator is−(3 x−1)², so the x-intercept is (1/3,0), a local minimum; the source labels it(0.333,0). The other turn is a local maximum (5/3,−24), source rounding(1.67,−24). These follow from y′=−9+4/(x−1)2y'=-9+4/(x-1)^2. Both boundary output values are attained.

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Compare your sketch

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Both branches retain the source intercepts, local minimum at (1/3,0), local maximum at (5/3,−24), vertical asymptote x=1 and oblique asymptote y=−9x−3.
Both branches retain the source intercepts, local minimum at (1/3,0), local maximum at (5/3,−24), vertical asymptote x=1 and oblique asymptote y=−9x−3.
Both branches retain the source intercepts, local minimum at (1/3,0), local maximum at (5/3,−24), vertical asymptote x=1 and oblique asymptote y=−9x−3.

Common mistakes

The output interval is open because both endpoints occur on the curve.

Solution notes

The rounded source turns are given exactly as 1/3 and 5/3 in the working.

The excluded input x=1 does not create an extra solution when forming the quadratic.

Read the hint