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Worked solution

Evaluate a sum with three different structures

Evaluate ∑r=2n(2−r+2nr+n2)\displaystyle\sum_{r=2}^{n}(2^{-r}+2nr+n^2), giving your answer in terms of nn. marks

[2013/AJC/Promo/1]

CJC · Review problems · Question 1

Answer

12−2−n+2n(n2−1)\frac12-2^{-n}+2n(n^2-1).

Separate the sums

S=∑r=2n2−r+2n∑r=2nr+n2∑r=2n1.\begin{aligned}&S\\ & =\sum_{r=2}^n2^{-r}+2n\sum_{r=2}^nr\\ &{}+n^2\sum_{r=2}^n1.\end{aligned}

Each has n−1 terms.

How did this part go?

Use geometric and arithmetic formulas

The geometric part has first term 1/41/4, ratio 1/21/2:

∑r=2n2−r=(1/4)[1−(1/2)n−1]1−1/2=12−2−n.\begin{aligned}&\sum_{r=2}^n2^{-r}\\ & =\frac{(1/4)[1-(1/2)^{n-1}]}{1-1/2}\\ & =\frac12-2^{-n}.\end{aligned}

Also ∑r=2nr=(n−1)(n+2)/2\sum_{r=2}^nr=(n-1)(n+2)/2 and ∑r=2n1=n−1\sum_{r=2}^n1=n-1.

How did this part go?

Simplify the polynomial terms

S=12−2−n+n(n−1)(n+2)+n2(n−1)=12−2−n+2n(n−1)(n+1)=12−2−n+2n(n2−1).\begin{aligned}&S\\ & =\frac12-2^{-n}+n(n-1)(n+2)\\ &{}+n^2(n-1)\\ & =\frac12-2^{-n}\\ &{}+2n(n-1)(n+1)\\ & =\frac12-2^{-n}+2n(n^2-1).\end{aligned}

For the printed sum assume integer n≥2n\ge2.

How did this part go?

Common mistakes

The constant n² is added once for each index, not once for the whole sum.

Solution notes

All printed summation methods and final factorisation retained; the source allocates 4 marks.

Read the hint