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Worked solution

Factor a cubic and transform its roots

Write down the real root of w3+8=0w^3+8=0, where ww is a complex number.

Hence, find the other roots of w3+8=0w^3+8=0 in exact form.

Deduce the roots of w4+w3+8w+8=0w^4+w^3+8w+8=0.

Determine the roots of zz such that z4−iz3+8iz+8=0z^4-iz^3+8iz+8=0.

[2009/NJC/I/9(b)(modified)]

CJC · Discussion · Question 8

Answer

Cubic: −2,1±i3-2,1\pm i\sqrt3. Quartic in w: −1,−2,1±i3-1,-2,1\pm i\sqrt3. Quartic in z: i,2i,3−i,−3−ii,2i,\sqrt3-i,-\sqrt3-i.

Cubic

The real root is w=−2w=-2. Write w3+8=(w+2)(w2+Aw+B)w^3+8=(w+2)(w^2+Aw+B). Comparing constant terms gives B=4B=4 and comparing the coefficient of w2w^2 gives A=−2A=-2. Thus (w+2)(w2−2w+4)=0(w+2)(w^2-2w+4)=0. The quadratic formula gives w=(2±4−16)/2=1±i3w=(2\pm\sqrt{4-16})/2=1\pm i\sqrt3.

How did this part go?

Quartic in w

Write w4+w3+8w+8=(w3+8)(w+C)w^4+w^3+8w+8=(w^3+8)(w+C). Constant terms give C=1C=1, so the roots are −1,−2,1+i3,1−i3-1,-2,1+i\sqrt3,1-i\sqrt3.

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Quartic in z

Let w=izw=iz. Then (iz)4+(iz)3+8iz+8=z4−iz3+8iz+8(iz)^4+(iz)^3+8iz+8=z^4-iz^3+8iz+8. Therefore divide each w-root by i: iz=−1iz=-1 gives z=iz=i; iz=−2iz=-2 gives z=2iz=2i; iz=1+i3iz=1+i\sqrt3 gives z=3−iz=\sqrt3-i; iz=1−i3iz=1-i\sqrt3 gives z=−3−iz=-\sqrt3-i.

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Common mistakes

The substitution w=iz means z=−iw; multiply every root by −i.

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