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Worked solution

Evaluate an improper logarithmic integral and a revolution volume

(a)(i) Find ∫1/3aln⁡(3x)x3 dx\displaystyle\int_{1/3}^{a}\frac{\ln(3x)}{x^3}\,dx, where a>1/3a>1/3.

(ii) Hence evaluate the same integral with upper limit ∞\infty. You may assume ln⁡a/a2→0\ln a/a^2\to0 as a→∞a\to\infty.

(b) The region under y=3/(1+4x2)y=3/(1+4x^2) between x=−3/2x=-\sqrt3/2 and x=3/2x=\sqrt3/2 is rotated through 2π2\pi about the x-axis. Use 2x=tan⁡θ2x=\tan\theta to show that the volume is 9π∫0π/3cos⁡2θ dθ9\pi\int_0^{\pi/3}\cos^2\theta\,d\theta, and evaluate it exactly.

[2015/IJC/I/10]

CJC · Discussion · Question 5

Answer

(a)(i) 9/4−ln⁡(3a)/(2a2)−1/(4a2)9/4-\ln(3a)/(2a^2)-1/(4a^2). (ii) 9/49/4. (b) 9π2(π/3+3/4)\tfrac{9\pi}2(\pi/3+\sqrt3/4).

(a)(i) Integrate by parts

Take u=ln⁡(3x)u=\ln(3x) and dv=x−3dxdv=x^{-3}dx, so du=dx/xdu=dx/x and v=−1/(2x2)v=-1/(2x^2). Then the integral is [−ln⁡(3x)/(2x2)]1/3a+∫1/3adx/(2x3)=9/4−ln⁡(3a)/(2a2)−1/(4a2)[-\ln(3x)/(2x^2)]_{1/3}^a+\int_{1/3}^a dx/(2x^3)=9/4-\ln(3a)/(2a^2)-1/(4a^2).

How did this part go?

(a)(ii) Take the improper limit

Both 1/(4a2)1/(4a^2) and ln⁡(3a)/(2a2)=(ln⁡3+ln⁡a)/(2a2)\ln(3a)/(2a^2)=(\ln3+\ln a)/(2a^2) tend to zero. Thus the improper integral is 9/49/4.

How did this part go?

(b) Transform the disc-volume integral

The integrand is even, so V=2π∫03/2[3/(1+4x2)]2dx=18π∫03/2dx/(1+4x2)2V=2\pi\int_0^{\sqrt3/2}[3/(1+4x^2)]^2dx=18\pi\int_0^{\sqrt3/2}dx/(1+4x^2)^2. With 2x=tan⁡θ2x=\tan\theta, dx=12sec⁡2θ dθdx=\tfrac12\sec^2\theta\,d\theta, the bounds are 00 and π/3\pi/3, and 1+4x2=sec⁡2θ1+4x^2=\sec^2\theta. Hence V=9π∫0π/3cos⁡2θ dθV=9\pi\int_0^{\pi/3}\cos^2\theta\,d\theta.

How did this part go?

(b) Evaluate using the double-angle identity

V=9π2[θ+12sin⁡2θ]0π/3=9π2(π/3+3/4)V=\tfrac{9\pi}2[\theta+\tfrac12\sin2\theta]_0^{\pi/3}=\tfrac{9\pi}2(\pi/3+\sqrt3/4).

How did this part go?

Common mistakes

A volume integral squares the original curve; the factor of two here comes from symmetry.

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