Odd-sized groups of geometric terms
The sum of the first terms, , is , where is a constant, , . Obtain the th term and prove that “ is a geometric series” (printed wording). marks
The sequence is grouped as , each subsequent bracket having 2 more terms than the previous. Find:
(i) total terms in the first brackets marks;
(ii) the middle term of bracket 11 in terms of marks;
(iii) the range of for the sum to infinity to exist; and the least for the sum of all terms in the first brackets to be within 0.1% of the sum to infinity when . marks
[modified 2011/AJC/Prelim/I/12]
Solution
Recover the GP terms
Obtain from the given and identify the geometric progression.
Hint
Subtract the two powers after factoring out .
At the series is identically zero. A ratio quotient cannot be used there.
Answer · Terms from sums
, GP ratio .
.
Difference the sums
Define to include the first term.
Describe the GP without dividing by zero terms
The recurrence remains meaningful when all terms are zero.
Preserve domain restrictions
The original formula excludes even though the printed question only states .
Count grouped terms
Count the terms in the first brackets.
Hint
The nth bracket has terms.
Answer · (i)
terms.
Sum the sizes
Count terms, not their numerical values.
Locate the middle term
Find the middle term of bracket 11.
Hint
Use , not the bracket number as the GP index.
Answer · (ii)
.
Count before bracket 11
Ten complete brackets contain 100 terms.
Convert local to global index
Bracket 11 has terms, so its middle is its 11th entry. The preceding brackets contain 100 terms; the middle is therefore global term , whose GP exponent is 110.
Convergence and grouped error
Find the convergence range, then the least number of brackets giving relative error below when .
Hint
The required relative error is 0.1%=0.001.
How many terms are actually included in n brackets?
The printed interval omits the convergent zero series at a=2.
Answer · (iii)
Literal convergence: , ; least grouped count .
The printed omits the zero series at ; is undefined.
State the literal convergence set
The usual ratio interval applies to nonzero series; add the zero series at and retain the exclusions.
Use the specified a
For , the infinite sum is ; equivalently, divide the first term by . This positive total lets us simplify the absolute relative error. The tail exponent equals the total number of terms, .
Take logarithms and the positive root
The count is positive, so choose the positive square root after dividing by the negative logarithm.
Explore the idea
Count terms before applying a GP formula
The partial sum of n brackets is ; substituting n instead would miss most terms.