Parametric equations
Trace parametric curves, retain their ranges, and solve tangent, normal and locus problems.
By the end, you can
- Describe a curve using a shared parameter
- Convert between parametric and Cartesian forms
- Find gradients, tangents and normals
about 20 minutes for the lesson · practise at your own pace.
The central idea
With and , one parameter selects both coordinates. Eliminating t describes the curve, but can lose the direction of travel or parameter restrictions. Where dx/dt is nonzero, . A second derivative requires differentiating this ratio with respect to t and dividing by dx/dt again.
Eliminate the parameter, preserve the path
For and :
| t | -2 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| x | 8 | 3 | 0 | -1 | 0 | 3 | 8 |
| y | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Eliminate t using : . Unrestricted real t traces the parabola. Restricting gives , starting at and ending at , in increasing-t order.
Equal t steps need not mean equal distances; this particle slows towards t=1 and speeds up afterwards. In general on starts at and ends at . Keep direction and restrictions after eliminating t.
Worked example
For and with , . At , the point is and the slope is ; the tangent is .
Using dy/dt as the Cartesian slope ignores how fast x also changes.
Check your understanding
For , and , give the Cartesian path with its restrictions and direction. Find the gradient at . Explain why the equation alone is insufficient.
The path is with (so ), moving from to as increases. Since for , the gradient at is . The unrestricted equation includes the upper branch and points beyond the permitted interval.
Mastery learning objectives
At the end of this chapter, I should be able to:
Choose a practice question
| Common question type | Lecture examples | Discussion | Review follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sketch parametric curve | 2, 3, 4, 6 | 1, 2, 8(ii) | 2, 3(b), 6(ii), 8(i) |
| Convert parametric to Cartesian form | 4, 5, 6 | 2, 3 | 1, 3(a) |
| Find dy/dx using the chain rule | 8 | 5, 8(i) | 4, 5 |
| Find tangent and normal equations | 9, 10, 11 | 4, 6, 7, 8(iii) | 6(i), 7, 8(ii), 9, 10 |
The printed sketch row cites Review 8(i), which asks for a normal rather than a sketch; the original reference is retained here. Review 9(i) explicitly asks for the same quarter-curve sketch as lecture Example 2(b). Review 8(ii) is listed under tangent/normal work and remains a vertical-tangent special case. All full questions are retained in their canonical records.
Practice questions
31 examples and practice questions, in 6 sections.
More practice
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