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Parametric equations

Trace parametric curves, retain their ranges, and solve tangent, normal and locus problems.

By the end, you can

  • Describe a curve using a shared parameter
  • Convert between parametric and Cartesian forms
  • Find gradients, tangents and normals

about 20 minutes for the lesson · practise at your own pace.

The central idea

With x=f(t)x=f(t) and y=g(t)y=g(t), one parameter selects both coordinates. Eliminating t describes the curve, but can lose the direction of travel or parameter restrictions. Where dx/dt is nonzero, dy/dx=(dy/dt)/(dx/dt)dy/dx=(dy/dt)/(dx/dt). A second derivative requires differentiating this ratio with respect to t and dividing by dx/dt again.

Eliminate the parameter, preserve the path

For x=t2−2tx=t^2-2t and y=t+1y=t+1:

t-2-101234
x830-1038
y-1012345

Eliminate t using t=y−1t=y-1: x=(y−1)2−2(y−1)=y2−4y+3x=(y-1)^2-2(y-1)=y^2-4y+3. Unrestricted real t traces the parabola. Restricting 0≤t≤40\le t\le4 gives 1≤y≤51\le y\le5, starting at (0,1)(0,1) and ending at (8,5)(8,5), in increasing-t order.

Equal t steps need not mean equal distances; this particle slows towards t=1 and speeds up afterwards. In general x=f(t),y=g(t)x=f(t),y=g(t) on a≤t≤ba\le t\le b starts at (f(a),g(a))(f(a),g(a)) and ends at (f(b),g(b))(f(b),g(b)). Keep direction and restrictions after eliminating t.

Open the chapter exploration

Worked example

For x=t2x=t^2 and y=t3y=t^3 with t>0t>0, dy/dx=3t/2dy/dx=3t/2. At t=2t=2, the point is (4,8)(4,8) and the slope is 33; the tangent is y−8=3(x−4)y-8=3(x-4).

Using dy/dt as the Cartesian slope ignores how fast x also changes.

Check your understanding

For x=t2x=t^2, y=ty=t and −2≤t≤0-2\le t\le0, give the Cartesian path with its restrictions and direction. Find the gradient at t=−1t=-1. Explain why the equation x=y2x=y^2 alone is insufficient.

Mastery learning objectives

At the end of this chapter, I should be able to:

Parametric Equations: after lecture and after tutorial

Use parametric equations to find coordinates on a curve.

Use a graphing calculator to obtain the graph of a curve defined parametrically.

Convert a pair of parametric equations to its Cartesian form, retaining the original restrictions.

Find dy/dxdy/dx in terms of a given parameter using the chain rule.

Find the equation of a tangent to a curve defined parametrically.

Find the equation of a normal to a curve defined parametrically.

Choose a practice question

Common question typeLecture examplesDiscussionReview follow-up
Sketch parametric curve2, 3, 4, 61, 2, 8(ii)2, 3(b), 6(ii), 8(i)
Convert parametric to Cartesian form4, 5, 62, 31, 3(a)
Find dy/dx using the chain rule85, 8(i)4, 5
Find tangent and normal equations9, 10, 114, 6, 7, 8(iii)6(i), 7, 8(ii), 9, 10

The printed sketch row cites Review 8(i), which asks for a normal rather than a sketch; the original reference is retained here. Review 9(i) explicitly asks for the same quarter-curve sketch as lecture Example 2(b). Review 8(ii) is listed under tangent/normal work and remains a vertical-tangent special case. All full questions are retained in their canonical records.

Practice questions

31 examples and practice questions, in 6 sections.

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