A discriminant reveals a forbidden output interval

The curve CC has equation y=2x2+43(x+λ+1)y=\frac{2x^2+4}{3(x+\lambda+1)}. It is given that CC has a vertical asymptote x=0x=0.

(i) Determine the value of λ\lambda. mark

(ii) Find the equation of the other asymptote of CC. marks

(iii) Prove, using an algebraic method, that CC cannot lie between −4a3<y<4a3-\frac{4\sqrt a}{3}<y<\frac{4\sqrt a}{3}, a<0a<0, where aa is to be determined. marks

(iv) When λ=0\lambda=0, the graph of y=2x2+43(x+λ+1)+ky=\frac{2x^2+4}{3(x+\lambda+1)}+k cuts the xx-axis at 2 distinct points where kk is a positive integer.

(a) Sketch the graph of y=2x2+43(x+λ+1)+ky=\frac{2x^2+4}{3(x+\lambda+1)}+k when λ=0\lambda=0, indicating clearly all asymptotes and the coordinates of the axial intercepts. marks

(b) Deduce the least possible integer value of kk. mark

[2009/NYJC/Prelim/I/7]

Total marks: 11

Solution

If this part uses an earlier result, revisit (iii) Range by discriminant or open all working together.

(iv)a

Curve sketching

When λ=0\lambda=0, the graph of y=2x2+43(x+λ+1)+ky=\dfrac{2x^2+4}{3(x+\lambda+1)}+k cuts the xx-axis at 2 distinct points, where kk is a positive integer. Sketch the graph, indicating clearly all asymptotes and the coordinates of the axial intercepts.

Explore this idea

Hint

  1. With λ=0\lambda=0: y=2x2+43(x+1)+ky=\frac{2x^2+4}{3(x+1)}+k. Divide to find the oblique asymptote.

  2. yy-intercept: put x=0x=0. xx-intercepts: solve the quadratic.

  3. Draw the two branches around x=−1x=-1.

Q18 source rational sketch
Q18 source rational sketchScroll across to see the full diagram.

Answer · (iv)a

Asymptotes x=−1,y=2x/3−2/3+kx=-1,y=2x/3-2/3+k; y-intercept (0,4/3+k)(0,4/3+k); x-intercepts ((−3k±9k2−24k−32)/4,0)((-3k\pm\sqrt{9k^2-24k-32})/4,0).

Representative diagram uses k=4.

Explore the idea

Open interactive exploration

The curve lifted by k = 4

With k = 4 the x-intercepts are (−4, 0) and (−2, 0).

Switch on a feature to add it to the sketch and see how it is found. A full-mark sketch shows all of them.

  • Lifted curve
  • Oblique asymptote (the vertical one is x = −1)
  • X-intercepts
Ideas to try
Both intercepts are on the left of the vertical asymptote. Why?