A discriminant reveals a forbidden output interval

The curve CC has equation y=2x2+43(x+λ+1)y=\frac{2x^2+4}{3(x+\lambda+1)}. It is given that CC has a vertical asymptote x=0x=0.

(i) Determine the value of λ\lambda. mark

(ii) Find the equation of the other asymptote of CC. marks

(iii) Prove, using an algebraic method, that CC cannot lie between −4a3<y<4a3-\frac{4\sqrt a}{3}<y<\frac{4\sqrt a}{3}, a<0a<0, where aa is to be determined. marks

(iv) When λ=0\lambda=0, the graph of y=2x2+43(x+λ+1)+ky=\frac{2x^2+4}{3(x+\lambda+1)}+k cuts the xx-axis at 2 distinct points where kk is a positive integer.

(a) Sketch the graph of y=2x2+43(x+λ+1)+ky=\frac{2x^2+4}{3(x+\lambda+1)}+k when λ=0\lambda=0, indicating clearly all asymptotes and the coordinates of the axial intercepts. marks

(b) Deduce the least possible integer value of kk. mark

[2009/NYJC/Prelim/I/7]

Total marks: 11

Solution

If this part uses an earlier result, revisit (iv)a Curve sketching or open all working together.

(iv)b

Integer thresholds

Deduce the least possible integer value of kk.

Explore this idea

Hint

  1. Two distinct xx-intercepts means 2x2+3kx+(4+3k)=02x^2+3kx+(4+3k)=0 has two distinct real roots.

  2. Positive discriminant, then the least integer kk.

Answer · (iv)b

k=4k=4.

Explore the idea

Open interactive exploration

How low must −k be to cut the left branch twice?

g(x) + k = 0 means g(x) = −k. Put h = −k and watch when the line y = h meets the curve twice.

Height of the horizontal linek = -3
Try an example
Test boundary heights

Buttons use full-precision boundary values; numbers shown here are rounded.

Number of distinct x-intercepts
0

The line misses both branches.

There are no isolated intersections at this value. A touching point counts once; hollow endpoints are excluded.

  • Y = g(x)
  • Y = −k
  • X-intercepts of the lifted graph
  • Intersection selected in the coordinate table
Key idea

The curve's lower turning point is at height ≈−3.64\approx-3.64. Only when −k-k drops below that height, i.e. k≥4k\ge4 for an integer, are there two xx-intercepts.

Ideas to try
  1. Set −k=−3-k=-3: how many intersections? Then −k=−4-k=-4.
  2. The turning heights are the roots of 9k2−24k−32=09k^2-24k-32=0, with kk replaced by −k-k.